Modern mining Essay

Modern mining is an industry that involves the exploration for and removal of minerals from the earth, economically and with minimum damage to the environment. Mining is important because minerals are major sources of energy as well as materials such as fertilizers and steel. Mining is necessary for nations to have adequate and dependable supplies of minerals and materials to meet their economic and defense needs at acceptable environmental, energy, and economic costs. There are significant differences in the mining techniques and environmental effects of mining metallic, industrial, and fuel minerals. Mining is a global industry, and not every country has high-grade, large, exceptionally profitable mineral deposits, and the transportation infrastructure to get the mined products to market economically. Some of the factors affecting global mining are environmental regulations, fuel costs, labor costs, access to land believed to contain valuable ore, diminishing ore grades requiring the mining of more raw materials to obtain the target mineral, technology, the length of time to obtain a permit to mine, and proximity to markets, among others. Without proper precaution, mining have negative consequences on the environments, ecosystems, water, beautiful sceneries and the landscapes. Though it has had many negative impacts on the environment in the past, mining is a vital industry completely necessary to our economy and lives. Nearly every item we use or encounter in our day to day lives is mined or contains mined products. Without the excavation of such materials things like computers, televisions, large building structures, electricity, and cars would not be possible. Virtually every technological and medical advance uses minded materials, without which millions would suffer. To some extend mining activities have some positive impact on wildlife in that when these fields are broken, it creates openings which acts as there home. Food and cover plants can be introduced to these places for the benefit of the entire wildlife A list of the 10 biggest gold mines in the world; 1. Grasberg Gold Mine — This mine, which is in the Indonesian province of Papua, produced 2,025,000 ounces of gold, according to the annual report of Rio Tinto Plc. The mine is majority owned by Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Besides gold, it also produces silver and copper. 2. Muruntau Gold Mine — This mine, which is about 250 miles west of the capital in Uzbekistan, is believed to have produced approximately 1,800,000 ounces of gold last year. The project, which is an open-pit operation, is run by state-owned Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combinat. 3. Carlin-Nevada Complex — This mine, which is in the U.S. state of Nevada, produced 1.735 million ounces in 2010. It is owned by Newmont Mining Corp. It includes both open-pit and underground operations. 4. Yanacocha Gold Mine — This mine, which is in northern Peru and is the largest gold mine in Latin America, produced 1.46 million ounces last year. It is run by Newmont Mining and owned by Newmont Mining and Buenaventurda, a Peruvian company. 5. Goldstrike (Betze Post) Gold Mine — This mine, which is northwest of Elko, Nev., produced 1.24 million ounces of gold last year. It is owned by Barrick Gold Corp. 6. Cortez Gold Mine — This mine, which is southwest of Elko, Nev., produced 1.14 million ounces of gold last year. It is owned by Barrick Gold. 7. Veladero Gold Mine — This mine, which is in Argentina, produced 1.12 million ounces of gold last year. It is owned by Barrick Gold. 8. Lagunas Norte Gold Mine — This mine, which is in north-central Peru, produced 808,000 ounces of gold last year. It is owned by Barrick Gold. 9. Lihir Gold Mine — This mine, which is in Papua New Guineau, produced 790,974 ounces of gold in the 12 months ended June 30. It is owned by Newcrest Mining Ltd., Australia’s largest gold producer. 10. Super Pit/Kalgoorlie — This mine, an open-cut mine in Western Australia, produced 788,000 ounces last year. It is 50-50 owned by Barrick Gold and Newmont Mining. CORRUPTION Corruption is not a new phenomenon in India. It has been prevalent in society since ancient times. History reveals that it was present even in the Mauryan period. Great scholar Kautilya mentions the pressure of forty types of corruption in his contemporary society. It was practised even in Mughal and  Sultanate period. When the East India Company took control of the country, corruption reached new height. Corruption in India has become so common that people now are averse to thinking of public life with it. Corruption has been defined variously by scholars. But the simple meaning of it is that corruption implies perversion of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives, i.e. bribery, without any regard to honour, right and justice. In other words, undue favour for any one for some monetary or other gains is corruption. Simultaneously, depriving the genuinely deserving from their right or privilege is also a corrupt practice. Shrinking from one’s duty or dereliction of duty are also forms of corruption. Besides, thefts, wastage of public property constitute varieties of corruption. Dishonesty, exploitation, malpractices, scams and scandals are various manifestations of corruption. Corruption is not a uniquely Indian phenomenon. It is witnessed all over the world in developing as well as developed countries. It has spread its tentacles in every sphere of life, namely business administration, politics, officialdom, and services. In fact, there is hardly any sector which can be characterised for not being infected with the vices of corruption. Corruption is rampant in every segment and every section of society, barring the social status attached to it. Nobody can be considered free from corruption from a high ranking officer. To root out the evil of corruption from society, we need to make a comprehensive code of conduct for politicians, legislatures, bureaucrats, and such code should be strictly enforced. Judiciary should be given more independence and initiatives on issues related to corruption. Special courts should be set-up to take up such issues and speedy trial is to be promoted. Law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference. NGOs and media should come forward to create awareness against corruption in society and educate people to combat this evil. Only then we would be able to save our system from being collapsed. Essay 2: (Just read this, it’s a nice one) Let us first of all understand what is meant by corruption and corrupt practices. In brief, anything that is below all standard norms of morality in a country, is called or defined as corruption and corrupt practices. These norms are a fixed standard in any given society, and when these are broken we say that, a society is getting corrupted. This corruption as we see it today is not a development that has come overnight, it has been a continuous process for the last several decades and, to – day it has seeped into the very blood stream of the system. What we have to study next is, why and how this monster of corruption has taken such a firm hold on India so much so that, the country of the legendary Harischandra, the honest has reached the position of one of the top ten or so of corrupt countries of the world. The corrupt practices have now become our lifestyle to such an extent that, we do not seem to feel that there is anything wrong in what all we are doing., and that things should not be as they are. We, on the contrary are inclined to justify all wrong saying that, without doing wrong we cannot exist or be functional. Tourism Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. Tourism is an excellent way to develop a country, but it can also cause harm. How can countries ensure that tourism benefits the development. It is irrefutable that tourism has become the backbone of many economies of the world. In fact many countries rely on the tourist dollar for their development. This has also led to damage of the natural environment and at many places the tourist places have been so much littered that they have ceased being a tourist attraction any more. In a way tourism is killing tourism. In the following paragraphs, I shall discuss ways in which countries can ensure sustainable tourism. Also the tourism industry provides 8% of total world employment. Rising affluence in many countries is one major contributing factor for this development. Tourism itself has diversified into heritage tourism, beach tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, etc., to cater to different tastes. All this has created a massive spurt in global tourism. Long periods of political stability also emboldened people to venture out and explore the world. Television, movies and other kinds of media fostered curiosity about other parts of the world by showing attractive images of such places. Creative ad campaigns like ‘Incredible India’ and ‘Truly Malaysia’ have also done their bit to boost global tourism. Global tourism fosters an understanding of different cultures. This helps to promote peace among nations and peoples. It can also improve the economy of poor countries which in turn raises the living standards of their people. But global tourism has some downsides too. Unchecked tourist arrivals can impact the environment or socio-cultural fabric of a place. A once peaceful Goa has become a den of vices like rape, child abuse and drugs because of tourism. A sustainable approach will ensure that such negative consequences will be minimized.

How to Write a Ccot Essay

WHAT IS THE CCOT ESSAY -the CCOT deals specifically with analysis of continuities and changes over time covering at least one of the perisds in the coarse outline -for examples it might address technology ,trade, culture, migrations, or environment -the CCOT questions requires analysis of process and explanation of the cause with specific examples THE PURPOSE -the evaluate your availing to analyze historical changes and continuities that. Have shaped events social political economical developments in history and ability to gauge your analysis of global processesWHAT YOU NEED TO DO -CHANGE -recognize it as it occurs in history -identify and understand the causes of change -CONTINUITY -recognize factors which remain the same throughout and entire period -identify and understand factors which allow this to continue THE CHANGE -must discuss (use concrete details) and analyze changes that occurred relevant to the question -if the questions discusses specific terms such as social and polit ical ,you need to focus on political and social changes -if the questions is more vague, you need to think of aspects to base your analysis on.THE CONTINUITY -the questions also ask you to adress continuities general these are patterns or cultural tendencies that remain stagnant for years and years – for example think of the role of women,reliegons,philosophies,or conflict between social classes -it very important to remember that you need to have concrete details to back up your continuity STARTING AND ENDING POINTS -I order to get complete credit for the CCOT you need to address the starting point -I order to analyze changes you must discuss what it was like before -however pay attention to time period given the question you essay may require -starting point transistor and ending condition or -starting point and ending condition -meaning the outline/pure write is essential GOOD AND BAD CHANGES -you must identify the change and make it clear why that change occurred -bad Pri or to 1948 the Jewish people had no homeland on 1948 Isreal was established – Good -in the early 20th century , few people saw a need for establishing of an independent Jewish state.However, once the world realized the massive gene code of Jews that took place during World War Two , support for the establishment of Isreal began to grow FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CCOT -thesis should define areas of change and areas of continuity -establishment time period boundaries and address entire period -this can be done in 2 sentences -address both continuity and change – everyone forget s to do continuity -analyze the cause of changes – use the word because a lot -discuss global context Connect to world processes and change HELPFUL HINTS draw a timeline to help connect the era and events you will talk about -identify what the situation was at the beginning of the ra also known as a baseline – cite a fact about this -identify the situation was at the end of The era -cite a fact about this -try to explain the process of change -why did this happen? COMMON TRIGGERS FOR CHAMGE -consider that change happens enevenly in places and overtime -often speeding up to the change -are their steps to the change -intermediate points between the beginning and end period are importantHISTORICAL CONTEXTS -remember that changes and continuities in a particular region do not happen on a vacuum -use varying scope -global trend vs regional vs local -don't be afraid to note exceptions to a trend HOW TO ANSWER THW CCOT ESSAY APPROACH #1-DIRECT -basis body paragraph around the changes and continuities you identify 1 topic sentence 2 baseline 3 causes of change or context 4 evidence – early middle late 5 summary of change – status attend of period & significance HOW TO ANSWER THE CCOT ESSAY APPROACH # 2-NARRATIVE describe the foo of history from begging to end with embedded changes continuities -bases body paragraph around sub periods -topic sentience -context -c haracteristics deve to and processes that change/stay the same -causes of changes seen in period and significance How did geography effect the development mod early civilizations -location -climate -physical landscape -how do they irrigate crops? -what Crops do they grow – how do they trade, over land,river,seas? -how do they interact with the environment? -many more questions your can ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Older People With Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

An estimated 150,000 people have a shot in the UK each twelvemonth ( Scots Stroke Care Audit 2005/2006 ) with a mortality of over 67,000 ( British Heart Foundation, 2005 ) . It is the 3rd most common cause of decease in England and Wales, after bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease ( NHS, 2001 ) .This is in conformity with the study published by World Health Organization stating, â€Å" shot is the 3rd highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed states of the universe, instantly following ischaemic bosom disease and malignant diseases ( WHO, 2008 ) .Because shots are common and lead to significant disablement and ill-health, a big proportion of the NHS budget is spent on handling people who have suffered a shot. The direct cost of shot to the NHS is estimated to be ?2.8 billion. The cost to the wider economic system is ?1.8 billion ( NHS, 2001 ) .Thus a needs appraisal of this population group might assist understand the elaboratenesss of this issue. This assignment aims at giving a brief history of the factors act uponing the wellness of people who have suffered shot and farther program and warrant a wellness needs appraisal for the same. It will besides try to supply a critical analysis of a relevant wellness policy and its impact on the affected population.Stroke: Definition and Hazard FactorsThe World Health Organization defines stroke as â€Å" a status caused by the break of the blood supply to the encephalon, normally because a blood vas explosions or is blocked by a coagulum. This cuts off the supply of O and foods, doing harm to the encephalon tissue † . The effects of a shot depends on which portion of the encephalon is injured and how severely it is affected. A really terrible shot can do sudden decease ( WHO, 2008 ) . Assorted physiologic and medical conditions can precipitate shot. The hazard factors can be categorised into biological, environmental, socioeconomic and behavioral. There is frequently an interplay of two or more factors that property to morbidity.Biological:These include age, gender and familial sensitivity. The individual most of import factor that increases the opportunities of shot threefold is the age of the person ( Fisher, 2001 ) .AgePeoples most at hazard for shot are older grownups, peculiarly those with high blood force per unit area, who are sedentary, fleshy, fume, or have diabetes. Incidence rises exponentially with age and bulk of them occur in individuals older than 65 old ages ( Fisher, 2001 ) . Wolfe, Rudd & A ; Beech ( 1996 ) states that the hazard of shot doubles with each consecutive decennary over the age of 55. Older age is besides linked with higher rates of post-stroke dementedness.GenderIn most age groups except older grownups, shot is more common in work fo rces than in adult females. However, it kills more adult females than work forces, irrespective of cultural groups ( Fisher, 2001 ) . This may be partially due to the fact that adult females tend to populate longer than work forces, and shot is more common among older grownups. Women history for approximately 6 in 10 shot deceases ( NHS, 2001 ) .Race and EthnicityIn every bit diverse a population in England and Wales, the minority population, particularly those belonging to the African and South Asian beginning, face a significantly higher hazard for shot and decease from shot than the English ( Wolfe, 1996 ) . They besides have a higher prevalence of fleshiness, diabetes, and high blood pressure than other groups. However, surveies suggest that socioeconomic factors besides affect these differences.Lifestyle FactorsSmoke: A Peoples who smoke a battalion a twenty-four hours have about two and a half times the hazard for shot as nonsmokers. Smoke additions both hemorrhagic and ischae mic shot hazard ( Wolfe, 1996 ) . The hazard for shot may stay elevated for every bit long as 14 old ages after discontinuing, hence an earlier quit is recommended ( NHS, 2001 ) . Diet: Unhealthy diet ( saturated fat, high Na ) can lend to bosom disease, high blood force per unit area, and fleshiness, which are all hazard factors for shot ( Winter, 2001 ) . Physical Inaction: Lack of regular exercising can increase the hazard of fleshiness, diabetes, and hapless circulation, which increase the hazard of shot. Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Alcohol maltreatment, including orgy imbibing, increases the hazard of shot. Drug maltreatment, peculiarly with cocaine or Methedrine, is a major factor of shot in immature grownups. Anabolic steroids, used for body-building and athleticss sweetening, besides increase shot hazard.Heart and Vascular DiseasesHeart disease and shot are closely tied for many grounds. Peoples who have one bosom or vascular status ( high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin, bosom disease, diabetes, peripheral arteria disease ) are at increased hazard for developing other related conditions ( British Heart Foundation, 2005 ) . High Blood Pressure. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) contributes to about 70 % of all shots. Hypertensive people have up to 10 times the normal hazard of shot, depending on the badness of the blood force per unit area in the presence of other hazard factors. High blood pressure is besides an of import cause of alleged soundless intellectual infarcts, or obstructions, in the blood vass in the encephalon ( mini-strokes ) that may foretell major shot. Controling blood force per unit area is highly of import for stroke bar. A meta-analysis of nine prospective surveies, including 420,000 persons followed for 10 old ages, found that shot hazard increased by 46 % for every 7.5-mm Hg addition in diastolic blood force per unit area ( Fisher,2001 ) . Atrial Fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation, a major hazard factor for shot, is a bosom beat upset in which the atria ( the upper Chamberss in the bosom ) beat really rapidly and nonrhythmically ( British Heart Foundation, 2005 ) . Between 2 – 4 % of patients with atrial fibrillation without any history of TIA or shot will hold an ischaemic shot over the class of the twelvemonth. Of those with atrial fibrillation, the hazard by and large is highest in those older than age 75, with bosom failure or hypertrophied bosom, coronary arteria disease, history of coagulums, diabetes, or bosom valve abnormalcies ( Winter, 2001 ) .DiabetessHeart disease and shot are the prima causes of decease in people with diabetes. Diabetes is 2nd merely to high blood force per unit area as the chief hazard factor for shot. The hazard is highest for grownups freshly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and patients with diabetes who are younger than age 55. African americans with diabetes are at even higher ha zard for shot at a younger age ( Wolfe, 1996 ) . Diabetes is a peculiarly strong hazard factor for ischaemic shot, possibly because of attach toing hazard factors, such as fleshiness and high blood force per unit area.Fleshiness and Metabolic SyndromeFleshiness may increase the hazard for both ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot independently of other hazard factors that frequently co-exist with extra weight, including diabetes, high blood force per unit area, and unhealthy cholesterin degree ( Winter, 2001 ) . Weight that is centered around the venters ( the alleged apple form ) has a peculiarly high association with shot, as it does for bosom disease, in comparing to burden distributed around hips ( pear-shape ) . Stroke being a syndromic unwellness, the wellness demands of those at hazard and station shot subsisters are varied and need due consideration.Health Needs Assessment in Stroke SurvivorsHealth demands appraisal harmonizing to the NHS wellness demands assessment workbook is a systematic reappraisal of the wellness issues confronting a population taking to hold precedences and resource allotment that will better wellness and cut down inequalities. This ensures that any action taken minimises harm to wellness, and may better it for those with the most to derive. In peculiar, shot is a taking cause of grownup disablement ( Raina, 1998 ) . The flight of attention for shot is of sudden oncoming, acute infirmary attention followed by rehabilitation and return to community populating. Of new shot subsisters, an estimated 56 % go straight home after acute attention, 32 % go to inpatient rehabilitation, and 11 % go to long-run attention installations ( NHS, 2001 ) . Stroke subsisters returning to the community frequently have troubles executing every twenty-four hours activities like dressing, eating, and mobility that can last good into the first twelvemonth post-stroke ( Mayo, 2002 ) . It is besides normally associated with cognitive alterations ( e.g. , 26.3 % of ischaemic shot subsisters are diagnosed with dementedness ( Desmond, 2000 ) ) . Caregivers provide indispensable support to these persons when they return place with changing degrees of physical and cognitive trouble. The appraisal of wellness demands, involves a combination of epidemiological appraisal of disease prevalence, the rating of the effectivity of intervention and attention options, and their comparative costs and effectivity, analysis of bing activity and resource informations, and application of this cognition to populations ( Bowling, 2009 ) . Therefore harmonizing to pallant ( 2002 ) it is of import to place the ‘needs ‘ non ‘wants ‘ so as to accomplish mensurable betterment from an intercession. As this involves clip and attempts and consequences in considerable long term benefits for those who undertake it and for the population assessed. Hence it has attracted the involvement of policy shapers, wellness economic expert and wellness professionals to fulfill single and population demands to optimise resource use ( Lari & A ; Gari, 2005 ) . In the present context the purpose of wellness demands appraisal for shot is to take down the incidence of shot, directe d at cut downing smoke, cut downing socio-economic want, take downing blood force per unit area and promoting healthy life styles ( Stevens, et al. , 2004 ) Therefore the wellness demands of shot subsisters during assorted stages of their station stroke recovery period as discovered in the literature are summarized as followsBiological facetBiological pathology of post-stroke is neuromuscular map damage which flexible joint on the lesion country on the encephalon. Undoubtedly, sensory-motor appraisal such as ocular field defects, vesica in dysphasia, centripetal damage and musculus power failing ( Klara, 2006 ) . Besides, motor palsy is still a major job in shot status that presents a failing on the affected side peculiarly upper and lower appendages, due to miss of musculus tone coevals and instability of nervus urge from intellectual cerebral mantle which leads to flabbiness and spasticity ( Fawcus, 2000 ) . Therefore in order to measure station shot direction and attention, usage of a assortment of standardised trials before physical rehabilitation preparation can assist to measure the general and specific demands of the patients. For illustration, the Modified Ashworth Scale ( MAS ) can measure musculus spasticity, the Medical Research Council Motor Power Score ( MRC-MPS ) can mensurate motor power and strength of stray group of musculus and Likert-type graduated tables use to number pain status ( Fasoli et al. 2004 ) . In add-on, the Barthel Index can measure functional accomplishments of activity of day-to-day life ( Shah et al. 1989 ) . These instruments and curative modes can measure the accurate physical status and abilities of the shot subsister and assist execute strategic program for his rehabilitation.Physical facetsAfter the stabilisation of the patients medical status the clinical accent is on fixing the patients to return place. The most of import physical competence to be monitored in the shot subsisters by the wellness professionals at this phase are related to activity of day-to-day life ( ADL accomplishments ) . As Gresham ( 1986 ) suggests â€Å" independency in ADL will go on to be a suited trademark of physical Restoration † . Therefore the facets that need consideration include instruction and preparation of shot subsisters and attention givers to assist them safely execute the activity of day-to-day life and accommodate the preparation received in the infirmary to the place environment. For illustration, in the place environment bathrooms may be smaller, hallways may be narrower, rugs may be hard to pull off, and stepss may be hard to negociate. The sudden passage to the place with an absence of wellness professionals with whom to confer with as needed may besides do health professionals dying. As a consequence, health professionals may necessitate advice from equals and/or wellness attention professionals on how to pull off the attent ion receivers ‘ assorted demands ( Cameroon & A ; Gignac, 2008 ) . They may necessitate extra preparation, and they may necessitate extra emotional support to turn to frights and anxiousness associated with get downing to supply attention in the community.Emotional and demandsStroke subsisters need continued pattern and support in their activities of day-to-day life and would profit from the chance to prove their accomplishments in the place environment under the supervising of rehabilitation professionals and/or nurses ( Pallant, 2002 ) . These professionals could measure and supply feedback about their functioning ability with the purpose of heightening shot subsisters ‘ accomplishments and assurance. Emotionally, stroke subsisters need support from societal workers and/or household and friends to pull off their climb anxiousness and uncertainness about their accomplishments and competency in the community ( Cameroon & A ; Gignac, 2008 ) . The types of resources includ e entree to community attention bureaus, ongoing rehabilitation, and support groups.Behavioural demandsThe first and first precedence in station shot rehabilitation is to command the modifiable hazard factors in shot subsisters. Several modifiable hazard factors that contribute to development and patterned advance of shot include high blood pressure, coffin nail smoke, diabetes mellitus, inordinate intoxicant ingestion, deficiency of physical activity, dietetic and hyper-cholesterolaemia ( Gariballa, 2004 ) . Multidisciplinary squad attack non merely helps in bar but besides to place the susceptible population at hazard. It is the primary wellness attention squad including clinical administration who leads the squad ( Pallant, 2002 ) . Surveies have shown that high blood pressure is the individual most attributable factor for shot. Smokers are at three fold hazard of shot when compared with non- tobacco users and 10 fold hazards when in combination with raised systolic blood force p er unit area ( Wolfe, Rudd & A ; Beech, 1996 ) . Diabetes histories for 10-20 % of all shots whereas epidemiological surveies have confounded that intoxicant ingestion has direct dose dependent consequence ( Lindley,2008 ) . Thus patients and care giver reding in bettering the life style related factors and regular monitoring of the patients during station shot rehabilitation is compulsory for long term benefits. However in order to do the life of the station shot subsisters and the attention givers more comfy appropriate policies and their execution should be the highest precedence of the authorities and the Department of Health. Policy analysis in post-stroke from National Stroke Strategy [ version 2008 ] ( Department of Health, 2008 ) From the information available, the national shot scheme tried to give informations, advice and support for clear and easy execution of intervention program. This policy provides chance for shot subsisters to take part and show their wellness demands. Besides, this persuades all institutional services of shot to fix pertinent information and wellness support into the system service to assist people entree information and attention easy. For case, if stroke subsisters need to alter service and intervention, health care squad should explicate factual information and reassign them to the right modes by happening an accurate therapy to back up them. Furthermore, if there is a voluntary organisation service to function nearby shot patients place, wellness professionals should rede them to promote joint activity in their society. Conclusively, this steering rule explores people ‘s demand and unfastened people to feed back information on shot service property. The kernel of affecting people in developing service and intervention programme lies in the policy shapers ‘ position to integrate shot subsisters and carers in determination devising for development of strategic program, concentrate direction, bringing and examination of appropriate service, to supply particular tools and assistive support in instance of badness. The strength of this shot policy is apparent from the relevant points and accent on the measure by measure sequencing of services sing of import concerns. Besides, guideline form has highlighted the cardinal words that refer to reading awareness including consistence of sketch picture which is easy to capture in perceptual context and comprehension. However, there are a few failings of enlightening system that can non explicate the inside informations of farther information if people need to read in-depth and can non demo the characteristic of voluntary organisation for connexion of services.Analyze how to function li fe after shot, appraisal and rehabilitationHaving completed basic shot intervention, the life after shot demands to be evaluated with an aim for supplying a good quality of life and design services for people who have had a shot and are supported to populate with independency with possible handiness of resources at their place and environment. The policy aims at shot subsisters and relatives demand of high-quality rehabilitation preparation and medical support in order to advance better movement/mobility in day-to- twenty-four hours life, self hygiene and cookery, equal communicative accomplishments, distress/depression direction job work outing ability and sexual behavioral apprehension. The outstanding Information can assist many readers and health care suppliers to recognize and understand the overview of shot patients. All health care professionals should follow this guideline on rehabilitation by concentrating on single patient demands and differing demands of some cultural groups depending on their civilization and belief in environmental society. In add-on, the program of scheme has underlined the end-of-life attention by sing terrible shot subsisters who seem non to acquire better and assist them fall in the right service programme with the right health professional such as particular attention and demands, pick of topographic point of decease and appraisal of the satisfaction of patient ‘s relations about the end-of-life attention. Therefore, the life after shot policy is to separate, to follow and picture the of import functions of health care squad but which can non see the booby traps of service procedure. If the action program can be manipulated, harmonizing to the patient demand from the infirmary to stroke ‘s place and community, the terminal consequence will decidedly be muc h better.Analyse the procedure of wellness service in long-run attention supportIn order to analyze the policy service system of shot, the shot scheme has to be formulated to ease easy-to-access services and to have attendant service from interdisciplinary squad for long-run demands of shot subsisters. Outstandingly, proviso of long-run attention is indispensable and has become a portion of wellness publicity because post-stroke pathology is different in each patient that needs to be rehabilitated in different mode intercession programmes. However, this policy of long-run attention support is hard to pull off a scope of different rehabilitations because the activity involves assorted dimensions and a combination of installations for different shot instances and therefore hard to run into the complex societal attention demands. Apart from this, the shot policy provides merely an overview of immediate direction and does non explicate how to put the long-run attention and support for shot subsisters. Although the long- term attention procedure can take to a better quality of life after shot, there are many factors that need to be planned, particularly related to the single shot status. The counsel should be planned and made elusive in footings of mild, moderate and terrible shot in long-run attention and support which is necessary for contemplation of different short and long term ends to be achieved in rehabilitation preparation. However, the policy services simply shows people ‘s demands appraisal and do non depict the effectual planning that meets single demands peculiarly related to long term attention and hence should be considered consequently to the degree of stroke status to place specific societal attention demands, including the intent of longer-term follow-up with rating in multispectral collaborative services.Discuss place alteration, return to work and community engagementTo better the quality of life in post-stroke environment, the shot policy shapers provide merely with a model for accommodating the place to be compatible with patient ‘s demands for him/her to be independent but do non give inside informations of commissariats for day-to-day life activities. The conceptual scheme has illustrated general demand of services for transit and lodging direction by chew overing over lodging demands related to version and alteration but does non analyze specific factors that may hold both positive and negative impact on the development of post-stroke accomplishments every bit good as tha t may blockade independency in functional ability at their places. However, there are no inside informations of place alterations that are compulsory in sample such as slope country, stairway, lavatory, bed room and kitchen.DecisionFrom the above it is clear that the load of disease due to stroke and the its impact during the recovery period deeply affects the life of the subsister. The high incidence and prevalence of disease make it necessary to implement appropriate steps to forestall first of all time and perennial shots. Furthermore a well planned rehabilitation of the shot subsisters is critical for improved forecast. Conclusively an appraisal of the wellness demands of this population group can be used to optimise wellness attention services and installations in the best involvement of the subsisters. This can besides be used by the policymakers in bettering the relevant commissariats in run intoing the wellness demands of the deprived. Word count: 3352

Early Childhood Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early Childhood Learning - Essay Example The third part will summarize some of the commentaries on the controversy and finally the conclusion will discuss which if any view is correct, and the importance of the controversy at hand. In an experiment conducted by Booth and Waxman (2002), a group of three years old children were subject to the same objects which were separated into two groups, either as animate objects or artifacts. When some of the objects with eyes on them, which are strong perceptual cues to animacy, and the objects were presented as artifacts, the children characterized them as artifacts. This shows that even in the face of strong perceptual gestures, conceptual information still aids the process of word learning in childhood, a view that contradicts the Attentional Learning Account view. Something which sparked a number of responses and different interpretations to this experiment but which face certain difficulties that further support the view that conceptual information does have a role in early word learning. First it was noted that both conc... s, in what sense then is perceptual information immune to conceptual information This simply means that if two factors affect the same variable, the only way one of the factors can be immune to the other is if one of them does not have an effect at all on the variable, something that the experiment mentioned above excludes. Second it was claimed by the Attentional Learning Account that perceptual information contributes directly to word learning unaided by any conceptual information; the experiment shows however that perceptual learning can be aided by conceptual information in a way that can change the outcome of the experiment. A special case of these two different views will be taken into account; namely the disagreement about the shape bias. The controversy over the role of conceptual learning in early word learning for children has initiated the shape bias controversy; briefly stated it is an implication of the two views outlined above. On the one hand the proponents of the Attentional Learning Account claim that shape bias does not emerge until infants are able to distinguish at least 50 nouns which is in line with the claim they support that conceptual knowledge is only available much later. On the other hand Booth and Waxman have shown with an experiment they conducted with 18 to 22 months old children with vocabulary that does not exceed 18 nouns that these children have extended their uses of words on the basis of shape. This experiment thus interpreted challenges the whole of the Attentional Learning Account proponents. In a paper in the Developmental Science journal, Booth and Waxman have shown experiments in support of the Attentional Learning Account view and have tried to show that they can be interpreted in a way that does not do any harm to their view

Planning Function of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning Function of Management - Essay Example Introduction Before going to evaluate the planning function of an oilfield company, let us get a better understanding of what planning actually is. Planning is one of the core functions of management. â€Å"Planning involves selecting company goals and department objectives, then finding ways of implementing them† (Hahn, 2011). Proper planning by the managers provides a number of benefits to their organizations, such as, avoidance of confusions, reduction of risks, improved production services, completion of tasks within deadlines, and correct use of all available resources. Let us discuss planning function of management in some detail in order to know the role that it plays in the success of a company 2. Name of the Selected Company The company whose planning function we are going to evaluate is Schlumberger, which is an oilfield company. Employing over 110,000 employees from different parts of the world, Schlumberger is the world’s biggest oilfield services providing company. Schlumberger is a provider of different products and services to the energy sector of different countries. Some of the core business operations of this company include managing geological data, locating hydrocarbons, construction of the wells, drilling, and managing lifecycle of the reservoirs. 3. Planning Function For the managers at Schlumberger, planning holds great importance in all processes of management. â€Å"At this stage, the company is given an objective† (Spindler, 2008). Planning means to recognize organizational goals and to develop proper strategies to meet those goals. Planning not only includes setting goals for the future but also includes development of tactics and strategies to meet those goals. Wijesinghe (2010) states, â€Å"Planning requires administration to assess; where the company is presently set, and where it would be in the upcoming†. Managers at Schlumberger firmly believe that they cannot achieve desired goals without doing prop er planning based on the analysis of facts and figures. Moreover, they also develop separate plans for different business operations. The reason is that every operation has a different set of requirements, so different type of planning needs to be done in the beginning of any specific operation to complete the operation successfully. Rothbauer-Wanish (2009) states, â€Å"Planning may take time in the beginning, but it saves time and reduces difficulties that may occur in the future†. 3.1 Types of Planning For proper planning, managers consider many factors, such as, availability of resources, assessment of organizational environment, future trends of the oil and gas industry, assessment of industrial demands, and proper use of capital. At Schlumberger, managers need to do different types of planning to. Some of those types of planning include marketing planning, construction planning, production planning, and project planning. Marketing planning means to develop appropriate s trategies for the marketing of the company’s products and services. For marketing planning, Schlumberger’s managers consider 4Ps of the marketing mix to develop a proper marketing plan. For construction planning, managers consider different aspects of a project to develop a plan for that project. Some of the major aspects, which managers consider, include site of the project, needs of the client firm, geological survey, and feasibility of the project. Production managers also do proper planning to enhance production services, such as, pipeline process services, well intervention

Should English be the official language in the United States Essay - 1

Should English be the official language in the United States - Essay Example Instituting English as a national language would not have effects on what people spoke on daily lives. It only applies when individuals are conducting official duties and they can be punished for conducting official matters in any other language other than English (Liu and Sokhey 2). This means that individuals can continue to converse in their preferred language in their personal settings, but only hold onto English for official or public speaking. In contrast, there is the issue of that if English was a unifying factor as many claim, then the native English speakers who spurred the American Revolution could not have done that if it were the case. This is regarding that English language has been the language of communication in America for the longest time now. Moreover, instituting language as the official language would act as a disadvantage for the no-English speakers in the US including the international students. Considering that conducting any official language in any other language other than English could be punished, and then these individuals would have to stay out of public or official matters for a while before they learn how to communicate in English. In addition, making English an official language could lead to the banning of other languages learned in schools including German or French. The reason is that there would be no use of such languages other than if an individual is willing to work in other foreign countries.

Multimedia and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multimedia and Design - Essay Example Norman (2007) reveals that it is particularly important that before we judge these people we try step into their shoes. Before allowing one to label this person, try imagining they are acting like so or saying those things they are saying. Maybe this person always keeps to him/herself because s/he is uncomfortable around others, they just are not used to conversing with people hence they are a little cold, or most probably, they were not feeling well at the particular time you encounter them. We need to put ourselves on the receiving end, as in being treated the way we may be treating these people. It is necessary to note this before saying anything to the other person. It is definite that you would be pretty hurt if a stranger or someone you are not familiar with said something mean to you because you did not look or sound or act to their expectations or anticipated thoughts. If you could not take the pain, then you would not want to subject someone else through the same path. Just because the first encounter with this person gave you a poor impression does not mean that they are constantly saying or acting in that manner. Some people may be psychiatric cases, a force the prompts them behave in weird ways, and if one is not able to; at an instance make this out, one may end being prejudiced in his/her judgment of the subject. There is a probability of them having a bad day at the time of encounter or were in some way depressed or angry (Norman, 2007). One should try to engage this person often and see how they act before you create an impression. Some people are generally moody hence; a number of encounters should be enough ground to draw a solid ground on their behavior. Some machines are able to read peoples moods and determine the ability to engage in some chores effectively in the said mood, while some can measure the level of desire of something in a person. Norman (2007) suggests the need of incorporating an emotional component program into

An investigation into the impact of training on the staff Performance Dissertation

An investigation into the impact of training on the staff Performance in Saudi Arabian Airlines - Dissertation Example Saudi Arabian Airlines recognizes the importance of training their staff and has several staff training programs like- -Crew Leadership training. -Training Technical Services staff. - Training program for Finance. -Passenger Sales and Services training. -Training of new recruits. Aim: To understand the impact of training and development on the efficiency of the employees in Saudi Arabian Airlines. Objectives: 1. To investigate the current efficiency level of the employees in Saudi Arabian Airlines. 2. To investigate the roadblocks faced by the employees in performing their jobs in Saudi Arabian Airlines. 3. To investigate the nature of training and development required by the employees of Saudi Arabian Airlines to perform efficiently in Global scale. 4. To investigate the procedure and schedule required to be implemented to train the employees. Literature Review: Training and development of staff requires proper planning by human resource management. There are three methods of traini ng that are basically followed by most organisations. The basic three types of training followed are Cognitive, behavioural methods and management development. In cognitive method the employees are mostly trained regarding the theoretical concepts applicable at work (Hall & Hughes, 1989, p.209). This type of training places more importance on theoretical knowledge required by the employees in order to function properly in their jobs. Knowledge about the company policies, laws related to the functioning of the organization (Martin, 2006, p.15). Knowledge regarding procedures followed by the organisations. Technical knowledge required for carrying out work in the... The aim of this paper is to understand the impact of training and development on the efficiency of the employees in Saudi Arabian Airlines. This research will throw sufficient light on the methods that can be implied by the Saudi Arabian Airlines to achieve better performance from their employees. This research will help the Saudi Arabian Airlines to curtail training and development according to the need of their employees. The result of this research will throw insight on the nature of training that is required by the employees to perform better in their job. The Human resource department will become better equipped in understanding the difficulties faced by the employees. Employees will also feel comfortable in informing the HR department regarding their problems. The trainers will also understand the kind of approach they should have to maximise the benefits reaped by the employees from the training and development.

Finite element method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finite element method - Essay Example In order to avoid this situation; one must work in SI units (David, 2006). The Finite Element Method refers to a process of approximating a structure while considering that a structural analysis is being conducted, and existence of several potential sources of error. Major sources of errors include: several simplifications in structure model, element order, loads and boundary conditions, numerical, examples of errors from simplified representation, and general warning (David, 2006). Referred as disfeaturing, this simplification process usually involves taking out small details. It works well when stressed on the areas where omitted details are low. It is crucial to consider that sharp radii can increase the stress to a great extent. Ideally, its expected to start with a simple representation of the actual component and analysing if it is working as expected. If it is turning out as expected, more details can be added at every stage. With every repeat analysis, further details are added. In this way, it is possible to gain appreciation of the details that needs to be incorporate (David, 2006). All components have fixed radii at edges. However, a common perception should be ignored that small radii make "sharp" corner. It may not influence an exterior corner, however, for a sharp re-entrant, corner end up in a stress singularity. In stress singularity refinement of the FEA mesh will result in increased stress values with reduction in element size. Stress results are not requires while displacement results may work, however, a rational approximation of the radius should be utilized in the model. In order to avoid this issue, model components can be made with a substance that can identify plastic bend, however, the pressure at the sharp re-entrant will continue to be unlimited. If stressors are not required, induction of a sharp re-entrant will not influence the results and simplification process will lead to simplify model, for instance,

Vodka Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vodka - Research Paper Example This pattern is also followed in the US also. Vodka normally contains 40% alchahol, which is the normal standard. Such vodka is widely used in Russia as well as the US. Even 50% alcoholic vodka is popular in the US. In some vodka, mainly polish descent, the alcoholic content is around 95%.In many east European countries as well as in the west, vodka is a supportive drink which is blended with other drinks. Examples are bloody marys, vodka martinis, etc (What is Vodka?). Vodka is a colourless and flavourless alchahol. The Russians normally brew it from grain whereas the poles make it from potatoes, beets, corn etc. the sugar is transformed into alchahol and distilled six times forgetting a wonderful mixture of vodka. Six times is the magical number. It is then filtered through charcoal. Vodka is an ideal blender. This property is used to the maximum in many countries. For example a bottle of istok or moskovskaya has milder quantities of vodka blended into it. There are more than 400 brands of vodka in Russia. It is flavoured and the most popular is the pepper flavoured vodka. Sometimes lemon is also used for flavouring. In US vodka is closely associated with martinis and cocktails. The average American drinker does not drink vodka straight. The American drinker does not mix vodka with beer as the Russian drinkers do (Gougeon). In today’s spirit industry, vodka is the most dynamic spirits in the global arena. Its growth trajectory is nothing but truly phenomenal. Over the past 20 years there has been an increase of a staggering 246.7m cases world wide. The growth of vodka is mainly associated in countries like Russia and Poland. In Russia there has been an increase by 21m cases over the 20 year period. This growth is truly commendable because it was achieved against tight governmental control as well as rising affluence. In US also there was tremendous growth for vodka. There was growth by 21.2m cases over the

The Mission - from Religious and Theological Perspective Essay

The Mission - from Religious and Theological Perspective - Essay Example Directed by Roland Joffe and written by Robert Bolt, the film won the Academy Award for Best cinematography. From the plot summary, it is obvious that film mainly focuses on the religion of Christianity. Throughout the film, various facets of Christianity are explored and that includes the role played by that religion during the colonization of territories by the European or Western colonial powers in early centuries, particularly the role played by the Christian missionaries in the ‘evolution’ of the native population. The film also focuses on the core Christian beliefs and teachings, and delves into how different sections of population interpret those beliefs and teachings. â€Å"If you are looking for a fascinating portrayal of historical Christian faith and missions during the centuries past, â€Å"The Mission† is it (though not a â€Å"Christian† production itself).† (Paul, n. d) In the film, the religion of Christianity plays a vital component. That is, The Mission features the series of struggles faced by Father Gabriel in his journey to preach Christianity to the indigenous people, gain their trust and evangelize them. During that journey, the concept of Christianity is clearly highlighted. â€Å"The film is set in the 1750s and involves the Jesuit Reductions, a program by which the European Catholic Church sought to Christianize and â€Å"civilize the indigenous native populations of South America.†(â€Å"The Mission – Summary†, n. d). The representation of Christianity in the film seems to be accurate, as it reflects the activities of the Christian missionaries and other groups to spread Christianity in many lands in the early centuries. That is, the movie mainly focuses on the group of Jesuit priests traveling to distant lands in an attempt to spread and reach the Word of God to the native population. In addition, in those early times, the Jesuit priests/missionaries use to live with the native population for many years, instead of having a temporary stay. In a way, they coexist with the local people, thereby understanding their culture, lifestyle, problems, etc. In the movie also, Father Gabriel along with Mendoza permanently live and carry out constructive work in the Guarani settlement. â€Å"This fact is consistent with historical missions created by Europeans in South America, where Jesuit priests would coexist with tribes such as the Guarani.† (Fritz, 2010). Hence, the representation of Christianity in the film can be considered accurate, and also as an effective means of revealing the holistic features of Christianity. In the film, the Jesuit priests’ attempts to evangelize the native South American population provide key perspectives about the expansion activities of Jesuit priests as well as the core values of Christianity. The key message delivered in the film is how the ‘education’ of the native people about the basic principles of Chr istianity can bring about certain constructive changes in their society. Thus, the film in a way conveys a positive message; as it makes the native people to understand and imbibe the vital components of Christianity namely love towards fellow men, compassion, peace, sacrifice, etc. Though the Guarani initially resist and oppose the preaching of the Father Gabriel, in the latter part of the film, they even go to the extent of dying for his cause. â€Å"This movie depicts the role of religion in the European

Data collection Essay Example for Free

Data collection Essay EXECURTIVE SUMMARY   PROBLEM Our client is unfamiliar with the Dutch market, we are to conduct an in-depth research of the target market in order to provide a deep understanding of the marketplace and its consumers. Research question: Will the product be able to capture the consumption of tea in the Dutch market? SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION DEMOGRAPHIC AGE DISTRIBUTION DATA Population The Hague to surpass the 500 thousand mark in September The population of The Hague is anticipated to surpass the 500 thousand mark in September this year, having grown by nearly 60 thousand since the turn of the century. The proportion of young residents under the age of 20 has increased markedly and at the same time, the proportion of over-65s has declined. Considerable growth since 2002 The population of The Hague has increased almost continually since 2000 and has grown substantially in 2002 when the number of Dutch municipalities was reduced further. Other factors contributing to the population growth were people moving in from other municipalities, more foreign migrants and natural population growth. The population increase caused by people moving to The Hague from other municipalities is partly due to the construction of new housing estates like Leidschenveen. This is not the first time for The Hague to surpass the 500 thousand mark. In the early 1960s, the population even exceeded 600 thousand Figure 1: Popution of The Hague More young people, fewer over-65s The share of young people in the population of The Hague has increased over the past 15 years. The proportion of people under the age of 20 has grown from 21.4 percent in 1996 to 23.0 percent in 2011, whereas for the  Netherlands as a whole, the proportion of people younger than 20 declined marginally. The increase in The Hague is caused by an increase in the number of households with children. Simultaneously, the over-65 population in The Hague shrank from 17.1 to 12.9 percent. This is surprising, because elsewhere across the Netherlands the over-65 population grew from 13.3 to 15.6 percent in the same period. Figure 2: Population of The Hague by age Nearly half have foreign background The share of people with a foreign background has grown from 37 to 49 percent in The Hague between 1996 and 2011. On 1 January this year, 241 thousand residents of The Hague had a foreign background, i.e. 73 thousand had a western background and 168 thousand had a non-western background. The most substantial increase by nearly 10 percentage points was recorded among people with a non-western background. The population with a non-western background comprises four large groups. The proportion of Turks grew most. People from Surinam are still the largest ethnic group in The Hague. The group of people with a western foreign background grew by just over 2 percentage points. The largest group of people with a western background are people from the former Dutch East Indies or Indonesia. This category declined by 15 percent, while the group of other western migrants grew by 65 percent. Figure 3: Population with foreign Backgrounds RATE OF TEA CONSUMPTION IN THE NETHERLANDS Next to coffie is tea one the most largely consumed beverage in the Netherlands. Data collected by CBS shows that 100 litres of tea is consumed per person in 2006. The targeted group for our product fall within the ages of 20 65 years who are the majority of the entire population of The Hague. In figure 3, it shows the population of people in The Hague with foreign backgrounds and among them are people from morocco, Turkey and Indonesia (Condliffe). These people are among the top 20 world tea consumption countries. Below is in figure showing the rate of tea consumption in the Netherlands per person in 2006. Figure 4:Rate of Beverage consumption COMPITION IN THE TEA MARKET Immediate competitors The Immediate competitors in the market are those companies that produce tea products with different flavours. One of the top competitors in the tea market are Lipton and Pickwick. These potential competitors are producing tea in the old traditional trend with little variations bringing to the market slightly improved flavours. Advantages of the Barley tea over the potential immediate competitors. 1. The barley tea has numerous health advantages over the various immediate competitors. Below is the nutritional contents chart of the various tea products in the market as compered to Barley tea (Asianfoods) Figure 5: Nutritional contents of leading tea products

Judicial Review problem question essay

Judicial Review problem question essay Judicial Review problem question (3000 words) Part 1 The first significant area for consideration in this scenario is whether Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his application for judicial review. He is seeking review of a decision by an internal disciplinary tribunal that he be dismissed for unprofessional conduct. The tribunal found unanimously in favour of dismissing Jack. In order to assess whether Jack will be permitted to pursue his claim for review, the nature of jusidical review must briefly be considered. Following the Bowman Report of 2000, in the light of Lord Woolfe’s recommendations for law reform, the regime of judicial review has been altered in certain ways. The 1977 reforms of the procedure did not state expressly that judicial review was an exclusive procedure.[1] It was in the case of O’reilly v Mackman (1983) that the court considered the issue of exclusivity. In this case, the House of Lords held that it would be contrary to public policy to allow an applicant to seek to enforce public l aw rights by way of ordinary action rather than by way of judicial review. In the present instance, then, it must be considered whether the decision of the tribunal is a public or a private law matter. The ruling of the House of Lords in this case means that procedural exclusivity exists in cases of public law. In order to assess whether Jack’s case is one of public law, the common law must be considered in this area. In Cocks v Thanet District Council (1983), the House of Lords held that under the relevant Act in the case, the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977, the housing authorities’ functions were essentially public law functions. These functions included deciding whether they had a duty to house the applicant under the 1977 Act. It was only after this decision had been made, and if it was considered that such a duty did exist, that private rights and obligations would arise. In Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee (1992), the House of Lords held that an issue was concerned exclusively with a public right should be determined in judicial review proceedings. This strict application of the exclusivity principle, however, has been superceded by the more liberal approach characterised in the decision of Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside (2000). In his judgement, Lord Woolfe explained the effects of the new Civil Procedure Rules on the rule in O’reilly v Mackman. â€Å"The intention of the CPR is to harmonise procedures as far as possible and to avoid barren procedural disputes which generate satellite litigation.†[2] The important question has become whether failure to follow the correct procedure amounts to abuse of process of court. In the present case, then, the question of whether this matter is properly described as public law or private law is of the utmost significance. As long as Jack can satisfy the court that the functions of the tribunal are public law ones, he will most likely be granted permission to proceed with his claim. This, however, may be difficult. In R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co (1996), Ognall J stated that ‘there can be no universal test’ for deciding whether a matter is properly described as public law. If the tribunal is a public body, it will have derived its authority from statute or delegated legislation (as opposed to deriving powers from the agreement of those who are subject to the body). Some guidance as to what would constitute a public body was offered by the Court of Appeal in R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan (1993). Here it was held that although the Jockey Club regulated a significant national activity, it did not properly constitu te a public body, as it was not mentioned in statute, and its powers were simply over those who agreed to be bound by it. In Jack’s case, however, the tribunal does indeed derive its powers from statute. Furthermore, following R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc (1987), the court should look to the nature of the functions the body performs, as well as its origins. The functions of the tribunal will be considered to be public law functions, and so in the light of the doctrine of exclusivity, Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his claim for judicial review. Part 2 There are various grounds that may arise for Jack to pursue his claim for judicial review in the scenario. Firstly, Jack is told by the tribunal that he may not have legal representation present. Furthermore, although he is entitled to have a friend or relative present at the proceedings, this person must not be legally qualified. Is this a breach of protocol? In other words, does Jack have a right to be represented at the Tribunal? It is established at common law that no such right exists. In the case of R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone, the appellants claimed that the Board’s refusal to allow them to be legally represented at the disciplinary proceedings was counter to natural justice. Lord Goff, however, said â€Å"it does not follow that simply because a charge before a disciplinary tribunal †¦ relates to facts which in law constitute a crime, the rules of natural justice require the tribunal to grant legal representation.’ According to this analysis, then, Jack does not necessarily have a right to legal representation. Whether legal representation is granted is a matter, in this instance, for the tribunal to decide. In doing so, it must take into account a number of factors. These include whether there are complex matters of law at issue (which it does not appear there are in this case); and whether Jack is incapable of presenting his own case. If fairness dictated that Jack should be allowed representation for either of these reasons, then of course he should be, but the tribunal appears to have acted within its rights to deny him this representation in the present instance. Lord Denning highlighted this principle in Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (1969): ‘It is not every man who has the ability to defend himself on his own †¦ He may be tongue-tied or nervous, confused or wanting in intelligence.† Jack’s tribunal could make a case for denying Jack representation, and this is not there fore a suitable ground for his claim for judicial review. The second issue relates to the tribunal’s decision to limit Jack’s witnesses to five, as opposed to the ten he originally sought to act as character witnesses. There are two possible avenues which Jack could proceed down with this. The decision can be identified as falling within, perhaps, one of the original categories of grounds for judicial review as set out by Lord Diplock in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service (1985). This ground was irrationality, which was likened in that case to the principle of unreasonableness identified in the other key case for judicial review, Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (1948). This principle of irrationality applied, in Lord Diplock’s words, to ‘a decision which I so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who has applied his mind to the question to be decided would have arrived at it.’[3] This was ada pted and mollified somewhat by Lord Cooke in R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd (1999), who asked ‘whether the decision in question was one which a reasonable authority would reach.’ The problem of proceeding down this avenue, for Jack, is the high standard of proof which Jack must meet in order to be successful in his claim. He would need to show that the decision to limit his witnesses to five would not be reached by any reasonable person. Lord Ackner identified the reason for this high level of proof as being that judicial review is a supervisory process, not an appellate jurisdiction (R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind (1991)). It seems unlikely that Jack would succeed in establishing that this decision on the part of the tribunal was so irrational as to be worthy of judicial review. He would more likely be successful following the second potential avenue in relation to this decision of the tribunal; that of procedural impropriety, which was also one of the original grounds for judicial review identified in the GCHQ Case. This phrase encompasses both the breach of statutorily defined procedural rules, and also the breach of common law rules of natural justice. Jack’s claim in this area will depend in part on the procedural rules set out in the relevant statute governing employment tribunals. If the tribunal has not complied with statutory provisions by limiting Jack’s witnesses to five, it will be considered to have acted ultra vires. In this case, the tribunal has met with its statutory obligation under the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992, s10 to give reasons for its decision to limit the number of witnesses to five for each side (‘it would not be administratively expedient to allow the calling of such a large number of witnesses, particular ly as it is the view of the tribunal that many of the witnesses would not provide evidence which would have a material impact upon the outcome of the proceedings’). It is a central principle of natural justice that Jack must be entitled to a fair hearing. It is in this area that Jack has the best chance of securing judicial review of the employment tribunal’s decision. Firstly, in relation to the composition of the panel, Jack has a valid complaint against the inclusion of a member of staff with whom he had a relationship that ended acrimoniously. This instantly raises the possibility of bias in the tribunal panel. English courts have developed two tests for bias, based on reasonable suspicion, and on real likelihood. In R v Gough (1993), however, it was held that the same test should be applicable in all cases of apparent bias. This test is whether there is a real danger of bias. Given the nature of the woman’s previous relationship to Jack, it is fair to suggest that there is a real danger of bias. This, then, according to the Gough test (despite subsequent challenges to that test in cases such as Porter v Magill (2002)), would g ive Jack a strong ground for seeking judicial review. Part 3 The grounds under which Jack might be able to pursue his claim for judicial review have been considered. Purely on the grounds for judicial review, Jack’s best chance of success lies with the danger of bias in the composition of the panel in the tribunal, given that one of his ex-girlfriends is a member of it. Jack might well, however, be able to strengthen his claim by supporting it with Human Rights Act claims. The impact of this will be considered on each of the possible grounds for review outlined above. Firstly, in respect of the decision by the tribunal not to allow Jack to be legally represented, it is possible that although this is not necessarily improper in itself, it may be a breach of Jack’s human rights as encompassed in the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998. The relevant article of the Convention is Article 6, which guarantees the right to a fair hearing. This entitles Jack, ‘in the determination of his civil rights and obligations †¦ to a fair and public hearing.’[4] Firstly, does this cover tribunals of the sort Jack is involved in? In the case of Ringeisen v Austria (1971), the European Court held that Article 6(1) covers all proceedings whose result affects private rights and obligations. In the present instance, Jack’s right to continue working as a teacher is to be determined by the outcome of the tribunal. It seems then, that his case is at least covered by the Article. The Article only confirms that Jack would have a right to legal representation, however, if he were charged with a criminal offence. ‘Everyone charged with a criminal has the following minimal rights †¦ to defend himself in person or through legal assistance †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[5] This, however, is merely a civil offence, so once again, there is no guarantee that Jack should be granted legal representation under the ECHR. The same Article of the Convention is also applicable, however, to the composition of the tribunal panel as well as the manner in which the tribunal was conducted. Firstly, the Article guarantees the right to a ‘fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[6] In the European Court case of Langborger v Sweden (1989), the Court established that ‘even if individuals are technically qualified to address a given issue and even if there is no subjective reason to doubt their personal integrity, it is important that the appearance of objective impartiality and independence is observed.’[7] More specifically, in the case of Sramek v Austria (1984), those adjudicating a particular matter cannot be seen to have a relationship with any of the parties. This case law clearly impacts upon Jack’s case, as the previous relationship he had with the female member of the panel can be seen to breach this principle of f airness and impartiality, despite her assurances that the history had no effect on her judgment. Furthermore, also under Article 6(1), the court or tribunal is required to give reasons for its decisions. Jack’s employment tribunal met this requirement insofar as it gave reasons for its refusal to allow Jack more than five witnesses, but it must also have given reasons for its unanimous decision to dismiss Jack. Perhaps linked to this is Jack’s right under the same Article to a ‘fair hearing’. The fact that Jack noticed one of the panel was falling asleep during his defence hardly seems commensurate with this principle. He could conceivably, then, mount a challenge to the decision of the tribunal based on human rights claims under Article 6 of the ECHR. He would have two substantial avenues of challenge; firstly the impartiality of the tribunal could be called into question due to its inclusion of Jack’s ex-girlfriend. Secondly, the conduct of the tribunal itself, particularly the fact that a member of the panel was falling asleep during Jackâ₠¬â„¢s submission, suggests Jack would have a valid claim for breach of his rights. In this scenario, then, Jack would be able to establish grounds for his claim for judicial review. The tribunal is exercising a quasi-judicial function, and would be properly categorised as a public law function. As such, judicial review is the proper way to proceed to challenge its decisions. In terms of actual grounds for review, Jack’s best chances lie with the composition of the panel. The inclusion of his ex-girlfriend, despite the panel’s claim to the contrary, could be seen to have an adverse effect on the impartiality of the panel. Again, the falling asleep of one of the panel’s members during Jack’s presentation also gives ground for judicial review due to procedural impropriety. It seems the panel has acted within its rights to deny legal representation to Jack. Nor is this legal representation guaranteed under human rights legislation, as this is clearly a civil matter, while the ECHR only guarantees legal representation in criminal cases. Again , in the context of the Human Rights Act 1998, Jack’s best chances of mounting a strong case for breach of his rights lies in the composition of the panel and the conduct of the hearing. These seem to have constituted potential breaches of Article 6 of the ECHR. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Civil Procedure Rules 1999 European Convention on Human Rights Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 Human Rights Act 1998 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 Cases Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside [2000] 3 All ER 752 Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 Langborger v Sweden (1989) O’reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125 Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67 R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone [1988] AC 379 R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 2 All ER 853 R v Gough [1993] AC 646 R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co [1996] 3 All ER 1 R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc [1987] QB 815 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind [1991] 1 AC 696 Ringeisen v Austria (1971) Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee [1992] 1 AC 624 Sramek v Austria (1984) Secondary sources Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe) Leyland, P., and Woods, T. (2002) Textbook on Administrative Law, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis) Footnotes [1] See, for example, Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis), p264 [2] Quoted in Parpworth, p270 [3] Quoted ibid, p309 [4] European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6(1) [5] Ibid, Article 6(3)(c) [6] Ibid, Article 6(1) [7] Quoted in Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe), p56

The Religious Systems Of Ancient Greeks And Romans Religion Essay

The Religious Systems Of Ancient Greeks And Romans Religion Essay The religion of ancient Greeks represented a predominant form of early Paganism. They believe in worshipping many Gods. The Romans Gods can be cited as a belief of numen, according to which God inhabit the living things and objects and can be found in everything in nature  [2]  . The religious beliefs of these two cultures deeply influence the cultural, political and other such activities in the state. A study is done here to find out the practices that are followed in these cultures as a result of different religious beliefs and political and social differences between the two in the pre-historic times by comparing their beliefs. Roman Religion The history of Rome can be divided into three phases or periods. It originated in the year 753-509 B.C. when it established itself by conquering Etruscans. Then the second phase is the era when the Republic falls and the Battle of Actium happened between 509-31 B.C. Finally the new law and government and the Roman Empire emerged in the era 31 B.C. to 476 A.D. Also Christianity emerged as new phenomena to be reckoned in this period  [3]  . The Roman pantheons were originated in small villages of Rome by farming community. The mythology thus believed in faceless and nameless deities which support the communities. The people believed in Numen as a pantheistic inhabitant which however later transformed to a more defined system of Gods. The Romans were particular about the responsibility of their deity and thus each family was assigned with a guardian spirit called Lar Familiaris (Lars) which were then involved in all family functions. Examples of these are Genii represent men and junii for women. The Roman Gods as we know today got their form in the dynasty of Etruscan king in 6th century B.C. The God like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva were then worshiped in temples. The Romans used to easily adopt others culture and they worship foreign Gods and adopt their customs as well, for example goddess Cybele was adopted in the Second Punic War, which is a Phoenician God and it still prevails in Roman System  [4]  . An imperial system rose in Rome with time and the Emperors like Julian Caesar claimed to be descendent of Aeneas and accepted the divine honors like God. This however became a source of conflict with Christians, and the emperor worship continued till 4th century A.D. and ended in the reign of Constantine. Christianity became the official religion in 392 AD. According to editor Fjordman of The Brussels Journal, Christianity gradually became the Greco-Roman culture since its foundation. As Christianity had suppressed the Greco-Roman religion, Henry Bamford stated in his book Gods and Men -The Origins of Western Culture that  [5]   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦although Christianity may have borrowed from the pagan heritage, it borrowed only what it could integrate with its own basic doctrines and could profitably absorb and make use ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Much more important in the early evolution of Christianity was the influence of the classical intellectual heritage. As men trained in Hellenic and Roman modes of thought became converted, they began to reinterpret the new doctrines in the terms to which they were accustomed. Thus, Christian theology was presented in the language of Greek philosophy and of Roman law. Greek Religion The origin of ancient Greeks is thought to be 2nd millennium B.C. i.e. somewhere around the Aryan invasions period. Greek culture is formed with the fusion of the Aegeans (Pelasgians) and the Minoans of Crete culture. The civilization thus created was also known as Minoan-Mycenean civilization which existed from 1600 B.C. till 1400 B.C  [6]  . The Greeks used to worship many Gods. They have various myths with respect to distinct gods and domains. Many mythological series were illustrated in the art of Archaic and Classical Greece. The Greek pantheon determined twelve principle deities. Zeus the sky god is considered to be the prime power amongst others. Mount Olympos is considered to be the home of gods in Greece. Greek religious practices had some of its roots in the Bronze Age (3000-1050 B.C.). Lliad and Odyssey are considered to influence the Greek thoughts and the relation between the god and the humans were believed to be on concept of exchange of gifts  [7]  . Greeks used to give offering to their god in separate sanctuaries. The sanctuaries were built by marking off an area around an altar. As said by Aeschylus, The altar is an unbreakable shield, stronger than a fortification tower  [8]  . The boundary stones also called horoi might be used to create fence also called peribols thereby establishing a separate area which was termed as temenos. Each and everything in the sanctuary is treated as sacred and many refuges took shelter in these temenos. In the words of Euripides, The abode of the gods is a protection shared by all men  [9]  . It was a civil and religious crime to steal any property of god from these temenos. The hundreds or thousands of deities in Greece have one day dedicated to them each year, when the families celebrate the day with their neighbors. The family also might sacrifices a goat or sheep to keep the deity happy. Apart from these annual festivals the people can worship in case of personal needs like Apollodorus promised one-tenth of his profits to Poseidon on his safe return, before making a business trip. This gift which is served as a votive offering could be in the form of small statuette or painted plaque to the sanctuary with his name and the purpose of gift written on it like this: Apollodorus, son of Diopeithes after having made a vow, Erects this for you. Poseidon, as a tithe. Many such dedications can be found in the Greek dedicated museums today  [10]  . Art and philosophy arose as a result of Greek religion. The Greek religion was highly influenced by women as it arose at a time when the women deities were dominant. Some women involved in the early formation of Greek religion were Hecate, Ariadne, Athene, Demeter etc. Art of god and goddesses became the milestones of Greek and earned Greek society huge benefits by means of trade. Religion was more integrated in the ancient Greek people, compared to nowadays. All people belonging to same culture followed a common religion. The Greek religion is also referred as pagan which means ignorance of Christianity, however the Christianity was well came into existence in the Roman period. Also it is believed that Christianity was the adoption of Greek culture with changed names  [11]  . Comparing Greeks and Romans In ancient times, the Greeks and the Romans influenced European and American civilization the most. The Roman culture acquired many of its habits from the Greeks and also the laws and architecture designs of Roman culture were inspired by the Greeks  [12]  . However comparison can be made between the two in many ways. The Greeks followed a democratic form of government with the leader being a group of men called an oligarchy as chosen by people. The Romans however followed a semi-democratic form of government with a governing Senate and a political leader having all the powers as of a single emperor. The ancient Greeks were artistic in nature and had constructed well defined buildings which were beautiful and pleasant, and were especially temples, facades and columns. The Romans, on the other hand, worked more as engineers and constructed best roads, buildings, and other civic amenities and were less interested in building gods and goddesses architecture. However in both the cultures the people have to pay stiff taxes to government for their buildings. The literary interests existed in both the cultures with the Greeks epic followed the old tradition of writing like the Iliad by Homer , however the Roman epics were composed by living and on the spot writers like The Aeneid by Vergil  [13]  . The Greek and the Roman Gods performed the same duties but with different names. The Roman religion accepted many of the deities of the Greek Pantheon like the Mithra, the sun-god, Isis etc. but was more comprehensive in nature. Romans religion was practical in nature as against poetic nature of the Greek religion. The household Gods are dominant in Rome as they worship their ancestors, and the festivals celebrated in worship of God are numerous in Rome as compared to Greeks  [14]  . The study of the two ancient cultures here presented the fact that our ancient civilization is rich in culture and the various religions had an influence on each other in their formation. The culture and the religion followed by the people in ancient times were different still they paved the way for a common religion called Christianity. The religions greatly influenced the beliefs of the people and the society as a whole. The political and social thoughts of these two cultures are discussed here and the differences were found. The difference in the deities and the way of worship can also be seen. Thus the significance and relevance of the topic of discussion is great in all respect.

Grant Hill :: essays research papers

In someway grant was a typical boy. He was energetic and playful. He liked to ride his dirt bike around the neighborhood. And, of course, he liked sports, especially soccer and basketball. For a while, he even had more soccer trophies then basketball. But, as he grew, he realized he had a better chance to excel on the basketball court. One sport Grant never played was football. Not because he didn’t want to, but because his father forbade him to play untill he was in high school. â€Å" I didn’t want him dealing with pressures of comparison,† said Calvin, his father. Even though he didn’t play football, Grant still had to deal with comparison. He was a shy and quiet child who never liked the idea of being special. He wanted to fade in the background, just be one of the gang. But that really wasn’t possible, everyone knew that Grant’s father was Calvin Hill, the greatest football player. Calvin was the NFL rookie of the year in 1969. â€Å"I’ve always wanted to blend in and be like everybody else,† Grant says. â€Å"I didn’t want anybody, especially my friends, thinking I was better then them. I just wanted to be a down-to-earth guy and have my own identity.† Like most other kids, Grant played pickup games with his friends. He worked on his moves in the driveway. Sometimes he’d fantasize about winning a big game with the last-second shot. He would video tape games, just so he could play them over and over again. He would sit in front of the television set and analyze the game. Grant would not only watch the ball but also watch the floor. He would notice if a player set a nice screen way from action, or worked particularly hard on defense. He became a true student of the game. When grant went to high school he was asked to play on the varsity team, but he was devastated, he told the coach he much rather play on the junior varsity team. Calvin had gotten a call from one of the assistant coaches about the decision to elevate grant to the varsity team. It was an unusual move – Grant was barely 14 years old. But Calvin felt his son could handle it. But suprisingly when Calvin told him the news he burst into tears. Grant did not want to be above his friends.

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie e

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses the roles of the members of the Wingfield family to highlight the controlling theme of illusion versus reality. The family as a whole is enveloped in mirage; the lives of the characters do not exist outside of their apartment and they have basically isolated themselves from the rest of the world. Even their apartment is a direct reflection of the past as stories are often recalled from the mother's teenage years at Blue Mountain, and a portrait of the man that previously left the family still hangs on the wall as if his existence is proven by the presence of the image. The most unusual factor of their world is that it appears as timeless. Amanda lives only in the past while Tom lives only in the future and Laura lives in her collection of glass animals, her favorite being the unicorn, which does not exist. Ordinary development and transformation cannot take place in a timeless atmosphere such as the apartment. T he whole family resists change and is unwilling to accept alteration. Not only is the entire family a representation of illusion versus reality, each of the characters uses fantasy as a means of escaping the severity of their own separate world of reality. Each has an individual fantasy world to which they retreat when the existing world is too much for them to handle. Each character has a different way of dealing with life when it seems to take control of them, and they all become so completely absorbed in these fantasies that they become stuck in the past. Amanda Wingfield (mother) is the most unrealistic of all the characters. She clings desperately to the past as she repeatedly relives the memories of receivin... ...Unicorn b. Jim 4. Laura's reaction to Jim's engagement 5. Laura's final plunge into illusion C. Tom 1. Tom's desperate desire to escape reality inside home 2. Complaints of job and mother 3. Discussion of outside world 4. Admiration for father 5. Tom's final attempt to escape reality 6. Truth of Tom's attachment to truth of reality D. Jim 1. Jim's understanding of reality versus illusion 2. Reflection of high school memories 3. Impact on Laura a. Convinces Laura to dance b. Kisses Laura 4. Breaks news of engagement to Laura 5. Impact on other Wingfield characters a. Amanda 1. Seen as tender and caring for the first time 2. Comforts Laura with dignity b. Tom 1. Decides to finally break away from reality of Wingfield home 2. Follows in father's footsteps III. Conclusion

Counselling Interview skills Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. Briefly explain how you would go about gathering information to assess Tim’s current developmental and mental health status. I would go about gathering information about Tim’s developmental and mental health status by using active listening skills. I would be paying attention to Tim’s body language and taking note of such things, as his difficulty in maintaining eye contact. I would be asking Tim open questions to help him talk in more detail about his mental health issues, an example of an open question I would ask is ‘can you tell me more about that?’, and ‘could you tell me about the time you overdosed on drugs?’, so that I can have a deeper understanding of the key points regarding Tim’s mental health. I would also be asking Tim some closed questions to obtain specific information regarding Tim’s current mental state, an example of this is ‘are you still on medication for depression?’, and ‘are you still feeling depressed?’, and depending on whether or not Tim’s overdose was an attempted suicide, I could also ask, ‘have you had any thoughts about taking your life?’, so that I know his current mental state. I would be paraphrasing during our session so that Tim knows that I understand what he is saying and how he is feeling. I would be taking notes in this session so that I can refer to key points. I would summarise what Tim’s key issues are, so that he has a chance to add any further information that may have been missed, and that may be important. 2. Identify and briefly describe two of Tim’s mental and/ or developmental health issues. Two of Tim’s developmental and mental health issues are, his past and or current state of depression and the fact that Tim may have attempted suicide. Although Tim spent six months in hospital as an in-patient and has now been home for three months, he may still be struggling with depression and suicidal ideation, if his drug overdose was an attempted suicide. Tim is experiencing moodiness and irregular sleep patterns, as well as a lack of focus and motivation, he also has trouble maintaining eye contact. These symptoms may be the result of his depression or suicidal ideation, or they could be a sign of a developmental problem brought about by Tim’s drug overdose. As Tim was given drugs for his depression, his symptoms could also be the result of side effects from the drugs he has been taking. 3. If you do not have the capability or authority to assess Tim’s current mental or developmental health status, briefly explain how you would consult the appropriate person.  If I did not have the capability or authority to assess Tim’s current mental or developmental health status, I could do two things. I could consult with my supervisor. I would ask Tim for his permission to discuss his concerns with my supervisor to gain advice from someone who has more experience than I do, so that his current mental health is assessed correctly. I could also consider referring Tim onto another health care professional such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. Another option would be to ask Tim for permission to contact Tim’s previous psychiatrist and request from them, either a letter of referral or Tim’s client records, pertaining to Tim’s current mental health status. 4. Describe what factors you would take into account that may have impacted on the appearance and behaviour of Tim in relation to counselling services to be delivered. The factors I would be taking into account regarding the appearance and behaviour of Tim in relation to counselling services to be delivered would be, the fact that Tim has suffered from depression in the past and may still be currently experiencing depression. Tim may have attempted suicide by overdosing on drugs or his drug overdose could have been accidental. Tim’s confidence has been shattered. This could explain why he has trouble maintaining eye contact or it could be the result of developmental delay due to Tim’s drug overdose. Or he could be experiencing side effects from his medication. 5. Briefly explain how you would clarify whether the counselling you can offer is suitable for Tim. I would have to evaluate my own level of experience and the area of counselling I am currently working in. Tim’s needs are the most important factor to consider. Tim has been hospitalised in the past and has seen a psychiatrist. While Tim was in hospital he was assigned milieu therapy, given drugs and also assigned to group therapy. I would be taking all of  these things into account when evaluating whether to refer Tim. I think I would like to work with Tim, as he has already had the above mentioned treatments and found them to be unhelpful. I think Tim may benefit from counselling that offers a client centred approach. I would explain to Tim how the client centred approach to counselling works, so that Tim can decide if this type of counselling approach would be something he feels comfortable pursuing. 6. Briefly describe how you would recognise and refer potentially serious issues for Tim in line with organisation requirements. I would be able to recognise and refer serious issues for Tim by familiarising myself with my organisations protocols, their referral procedures and referral lists. The type of organisation I worked for, and the type of counselling that is offered, would be a factor when deciding if Tim should be referred on to another organisation or professional. Things to consider would be Tim’s age, gender, the nature/and or seriousness of Tim’s issues. If Tim did intend to take his own life and still has suicidal thoughts he would need to be referred to a mental health facility or possibly referred back to the hospital that was treating Tim three months ago. If Tim was to be referred on, I would organise this as early as possible, so as not to make it harder on Tim to transfer to someone else. 7. Briefly describe the skills you would use with Tim to help clarify his problems and develop a counselling relationship. When meeting Tim for the first time, I would introduce myself, I would be open, friendly and informal. I would be trying to put Tim at ease so that he feels welcome and safe. I would have noticed that Tim has trouble maintaining eye contact, so I would be very casual in the first few minutes, allowing Tim to get familiar with his surroundings. After all the formalities have been explained to Tim and he has accepted them and decided to stay, I would say ‘what is it you would like to talk to me about today?’ I would then tune in to Tim and listen with interest. I would be using minimal responses, paraphrasing, and summarising skills to let Tim know that I am understanding him and caring about what he is saying. The first few sessions with Tim would be all about building rapport, and developing our  relationship. After this has been established, I would use zooming out skills to help Tim see that he is not alone and that he has people in his life that care about him, and are able to offer their support. I would be asking open and closed questions to determine Tim’s current mental state, an example would be ‘can you tell me a little more about the drug overdose’ so that I could clarify if it was accidental or an attempted suicide. I would work with Tim on developing a list of what he feels are the key issues he would like to work on. This will help Tim clarify for the both of us what the key issues are. 8. Briefly describe how you would consult with Tim’s parents or significant others to gather information, if the need presented itself. If the need presented itself I would introduce the idea of inviting Tim’s parents along to one of our counselling sessions to Tim. I would explain to Tim that ‘sometimes it can be helpful to ask those who are close to you to come along to counselling with you, so that we can have more insight into how the relationships at home have been affected by all that has happened, and so that we have another point of view of the situation’. I would only go ahead with this if Tim consented. 9. Briefly describe what records and notes you would record for this client. Notes on next page. Clients Name: Tim Clients Age: 25 Date of Session: 20/11/14 Session # 1 Session Duration: 60 minutes Others Present: Nil Status of Session: Kept Location: Office Information given by client: Tim is a 25 yr. old male. In final yr. of uni hospitalised for drug overdose during a bout of depression. In-patient at hospital 6 mths. Assigned milieu therapy, given drugs for depression, saw psychiatrist occasionally, also  assigned group therapy, which proved to be aimless. Been home for 3 mths. Living with parents, says they worry about his moodiness and irregular sleep patterns. Finds it hard to focus and lacks motivation to finish uni, but wants to one day. Feels confidence was shattered. Has trouble maintaining eye contact. Looking for part time work, avoids full-time work for fears of being asked about his past. Feels he has a terrible secret he has to keep form everyone. Summary of clients issues: Overdosed on drugs, during a bout of depression. May/may not have been attempt at suicide. Hospitalised and kept as an in-patient for 6 mths. Had milieu therapy and group therapy. Saw psychiatrist occasionally, prescribed drugs. Tim’s confidence is shattered. Parents worry about Tim’s moodiness/irregular sleep patterns. No motivation/focus to finish uni. Avoids full time work, fears talking about past (embarrassed). Feels he has to keep his past secret from everyone (ashamed). Notes of counsellor: I feel that Tim may benefit from a client centred approach to his counselling. The key issues for this client are outlined above.